ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Association between patent foramen ovale and anxiety: a prospective study with deep learning-assisted analysis of contrast echocardiography.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: To prospectively investigate the association between patent foramen ovale (PFO), detected via agitated saline contrast echocardiography (ASCE), and anxiety using a deep learning approach. Materials and methods: This prospective study consecutively enrolled 161 participants between July 15, 2025 and October 31, 2025. Participants were stratified into ASCE-negative (n=58) and ASCE-positive (n=103) groups based on the examination results. All participants underwent ASCE and anxiety assessment using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). An artificial intelligence model was developed using a 10-fold cross-validation approach on the 103 ASCE-positive videos to predict anxiety scores. The primary endpoint was the association between PFO and anxiety, while the deep learning model was evaluated as a secondary/exploratory endpoint. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Compared to the ASCE-negative group, the ASCE-positive group exhibited significantly higher anxiety levels (SAS score: 45.0 vs. 38.0, p<0.001) and a higher prevalence of anxiety (32.0% vs. 5.2%, p<0.001). Logistic regression identified a strong association between ASCE-positive status and anxiety (adjusted odds ratio=8.64, p<0.001), with no clear dose-dependent relationship across shunt grades. The imaging-only deep learning model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 5.76 ± 0.12 and an R² of 0.46 ± 0.03 across cross-validation folds. After incorporating clinical and sociodemographic confounders, the model's performance improved to an MAE of 5.15 ± 0.10 and an R² of 0.59 ± 0.02. Conclusion: This prospective study confirms a significant association between PFO and anxiety and demonstrates the feasibility of using ASCE-based deep learning models to predict anxiety risk, although clinical application requires external validation.
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