ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Parental reflexivity and latent psychological violence among urban parents in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: an exploratory study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Parental reflective functioning (PRF) has been associated with less harmful parenting behavior and a lower likelihood of intergenerational continuity of violence. However, little is known about whether the association between parental reflexivity and psychologically harmful parenting differs between fathers and mothers in Central Asia. This study examined parental reflexivity, measured using A. V. Karpov's Reflexivity Scale as an operational proxy for PRF, and its association with latent psychological violence among urban parents in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Methods: A cross-sectional multi-city study was conducted in Almaty, Shymkent, Turkestan, and Bishkek. The analytical sample ( Results: Reflexivity was strongly inversely associated with latent psychological violence in both parent groups. The PRF-ILV slope was descriptively steeper among fathers than mothers ( Discussion: Parental reflexivity showed a robust inverse association with latent psychological violence, but formal analyses provided no evidence that this association differed between fathers and mothers. The descriptively steeper father association should therefore be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than as evidence of a father-specific effect. These findings support further longitudinal and intervention research in urban Central Asian populations.
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