Observational studyFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Socioeconomic disadvantage, air pollution, and metabolic health among women: analyses of UK Biobank and US data.
Observational study in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Socioeconomic disadvantage and ambient air pollution are each associated with adverse liver and metabolic health. We examined their joint associations with liver-related and metabolic outcomes among middle-aged and older women. Methods: This multi-database observational study included UK Biobank women and US women aged 40 years or older. UK exposures were Townsend deprivation and a residential 2010 PM Results: Among 231,525 UK women, mean FLI was 38.19 and 25.79% had FLI ≥60. In the contextual UK main model, Townsend deprivation was associated with higher FLI [β = 1.114, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.069 to 1.159] and higher odds of FLI ≥60 [odds ratio (OR) 1.080, 95% CI 1.076 to 1.084]. The positive age-adjusted pollution associations were attenuated after Townsend adjustment (FLI β = -0.068, 95% CI -0.137 to 0.001; FLI ≥60 OR 0.999, 95% CI 0.993 to 1.004). Across 46 US jurisdictions, each one standard deviation higher poverty level was associated with 1.38 percentage points higher female obesity prevalence after PM Conclusion: Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with poorer liver-related and metabolic health among middle-aged and older women. In contrast, the UK pollution-FLI association was not supported after concurrent adjustment for area deprivation. Social conditions and environmental exposures should be considered jointly when assessing metabolic health in women.
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