Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42875749›Full record

ArticleBMC cancer2026

Association of regulatory B, T cells and cytokine production with disease stage in non-small cell lung cancer patients: prospective case control study.

Helal F Hetta, Asmaa M Zahran, Emad Eldin Nabil, Azza A Elkady, Asmaa M Goda, Tamer M Soliman, Abeer Elkady, Hend M Esmaeel, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Nahed A Mohamed and 4 more

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Article in BMC cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Helal F HettaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
Asmaa M ZahranClinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Emad Eldin NabilDepartment of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Azza A ElkadySohag University medical administration, Sohag, Egypt.
Asmaa M GodaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Tamer M SolimanDepartment of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Abeer ElkadyDepartment of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Qena University, Qena, Egypt.
Hend M EsmaeelDepartment of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. hendomr@gmail.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0607-5508
Abdelazeem M AlgammalDepartment of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Nahed A MohamedDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Hala M ElBadreDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Hani AlrefaiMedical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, 35516, Egypt.
Ashraf ElyamanyDepartment of Medical oncology south Egypt cancer institute Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Ola A AlkadyDepartment of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimThe role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been little investigated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, we investigated the frequency of circulating Bregs, Tregs cells, and the serum cytokine profile in NSCLC and their association with disease progression. MATERIALS AND

methodsIn this prospective case-control study, peripheral blood from 40 patients with NSCLC and 40 healthy controls was examined, the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets including Bregs and Tregs was evaluated using flow cytometry. Serum cytokine profile including IL1β, IL6, IL-17, TNF-α, IL10, IL35 and TGF-β1 was measured using Luminex assay.

resultsAn increased proportion of Bregs, Tregs, CD8 + T cells, and decreased CD4+/CD8 + ratio was observed in NSCLC patients compared to healthy controls. NSCLC patients with metastasis had a higher frequency of Bregs and Tregs than patients without metastasis. The frequency of Bregs and Tregs was related to the stage and histopathological status. NSCLC patients had significantly higher levels of serum cytokine profile when compared to healthy controls along with a significant association with lymph node metastasis and different TNM stages.

conclusionsPeripheral Bregs, Tregs, and serum cytokine profiles, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased among NSCLC patients and may be associated with disease progression and metastasis.

Indexed as

B-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungCytokinesLung NeoplasmsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAdultAgedCase-Control StudiesDisease ProgressionFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasm StagingProspective StudiesCytokinesBregCytokinesInflammatoryNSCLCTreg

Identifiers

PMID42875749
PMCPMC13670730

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.