ArticleMedical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran2026
Empathy Throughout the Clinical Years in Iranian Generation Z Medical Students: Validity and Reliability Properties of the Persian Version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy.
Article in Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student Version (JSE-S) is among the most widely used instruments for assessing empathy in medical students. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the JSE-S among Iranian undergraduate clinical trainees, specifically clerks and interns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 531 medical students. Content validity was assessed using the CVR, CVI, and kappa coefficient, while face validity was evaluated through student ratings. A PLS-based confirmatory measurement model was implemented in SmartPLS 4 to evaluate construct validity and reliability, which included item loadings, CR, AVE, and discriminant validity. Results: The Persian JSE-S exhibited excellent content validity, as indicated by the S-CVI/UA of 0.80, I-CVI of 0.97, and κ ≥ 0.87, along with satisfactory face validity (S-FVI/Av = 0.80). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales of Perspective Taking, Compassionate Care, and Standing in the Patient's Shoes were 0.846, 0.817, and 0.849, respectively, demonstrating strong internal consistency. The CR values ranged from 0.850 to 0.865. Following the removal of item JSE-18, the AVE for Compassionate Care surpassed the 0.50 threshold, whereas Perspective Taking remained slightly below it at 0.42. Discriminant validity was confirmed through cross-loadings, Fornell-Larcker, and HTMT criteria (all <0.90). Conclusion: The Persian version of the JSE-S demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, affirming its reliability and validity for assessing empathy among Iranian Generation Z clinical medical students. Despite minor limitations in convergent validity regarding Perspective Taking, the scale's robust structure, internal consistency, and discriminant validity confirm its utility in educational and research contexts. Further multicenter studies with larger samples are recommended to enhance cross-cultural generalizability.
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