ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
A Protease-Responsive and Protein-Gated Gold Nanocluster Platform for Non-Invasive Urinary Colorimetric Diagnosis of Glioblastoma.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) diagnosis remains challenging because conventional imaging may have limited ability to distinguish tumor progression or recurrence from treatment-related changes, and robust non-invasive biomarkers are still lacking. This study developed a protease-responsive gold nanocluster platform for urinary colorimetric detection of GBM via a synthetic biomarker strategy. Methods: We synthesized glutathione-capped AuNCs (GSH-AuNCs) and conjugated them with a substrate-responsive peptide (SRP) and a bulky NeutrAvidin (NAv) protein to form the AuNC-SRP-NAv complex. The NAv acts as a steric shield to lock the peroxidase-like activity of the AuNCs. The complex's physicochemical properties, stability, and protease-triggered activation (MMP-9) were characterized. In vivo biodistribution, renal clearance, and diagnostic performance were evaluated in orthotopic GBM-bearing mice. Results: The AuNC-SRP-NAv complex (diameter ~18.6 nm) exhibited robust stability and a signal-off state in systemic circulation. Upon encountering GBM-overexpressed MMP-9, the SRP was cleaved, releasing ultra-small AuNC fragments (<6 nm) that rapidly translocated to the urine. In tumor-bearing mice, these urinary AuNCs catalyzed the oxidation of TMB, producing a distinct blue color change within 20 minutes, while healthy controls showed no significant signal. Long-term safety assays (35 days) confirmed excellent biocompatibility with no systemic toxicity. Conclusion: The AuNC-SRP-NAv platform provides a simple, rapid, and non-invasive liquid biopsy approach for GBM. By integrating nanozyme catalysis with protease-responsive renal clearance, this system offers a promising alternative for early-stage tumor monitoring at the point of care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.