ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2026
Extracellular vesicles in the immune regulation of hematological malignancies: mechanisms, prognostic significance, and therapeutic opportunities.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The progressive cross-talk between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment, which is required for tumor growth, progression, and dissemination, has been well documented in solid cancers and is increasingly recognized in hematological malignancies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now emerging as essential facilitators of immune-tumor crosstalk. In hematological cancers, EVs from leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma cells carry oncogenic proteins, lipids, cytokines, and non-coding RNAs that reprogram immune cells and establish tumor-promoting immune states, in which tumor cells are protected from immune elimination and therapy-induced cell death. Evidence shows that tumor-derived EVs impair antitumor immunity, in part, by promoting macrophage M2 polarization, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion, dendritic cell maturation, T-cell exhaustion, and NK-cell cytotoxicity. Tumor cell-derived EV cargo, such as PD-L1, TGF-β, IL-10, and tumor-encoded miRNAs, creates highly immunosuppressive niches that promote disease progression and are associated with a dismal prognosis. On the other hand, immune-cell-derived or engineered EVs can activate CD4
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