ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Cross-cultural adaptation and initial psychometric evaluation of the fruit and vegetable self-efficacy scales among secondary school adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable self-efficacy may influence adolescent dietary behavior, yet culturally adapted measures for Malaysian adolescents remain limited. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the 17-item Fruit Self-Efficacy (FSE) and Vegetable Self-Efficacy (VSE) scales into Malay and obtain initial evidence on their measurement properties. The study comprised two sequential phases. Phase 1 involved forward and backward translation, cognitive debriefing with five adolescents, linguistic equivalence assessment by six experts, content validity assessment by nine experts, qualitative and quantitative face validity assessment involving 15 unique adolescents, and pretesting with 37 adolescents. Phase 2 comprised an initial psychometric evaluation among 128 adolescents from four classes in one purposively selected public secondary school in Selangor. The adaptation process included age-appropriate refinements to the linguistic and contextual aspects of fruit and vegetable preparation, snacks, social occasions, serving terminology, and meal contexts. In particular, "pieces of fruit" was adapted to "servings of fruit" and supported by a pictorial serving guide, while "hot meal" was contextualized as "main meal." All source items met the prespecified content-validity criteria. Scale-level content-validity indices were 0.99 for FSE and 0.95 for VSE, while scale-level face-validity indices ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. One FSE item with an initial clarity index below the criterion was revised using concrete preparation examples and reassessed. In the separate psychometric sample, the prespecified one-factor FSE model showed acceptable fit (CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.970, RMSEA = 0.069, SRMR = 0.061), although pronounced item-level ceiling effects were observed. The prespecified VSE model showed substantial misfit (RMSEA = 0.136, SRMR = 0.099), and its structural validity was not established. A same-sample
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.