ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Associations between quantitative ocular surface features and CT morphology of the levator palpebrae superioris complex in patients with thyroid eye disease and upper eyelid retraction: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the associations between artificial intelligence (AI)-quantified ocular surface parameters and computed tomography (CT)-based morphology of the levator palpebrae superioris complex (LPSC) in patients with Thyroid eye disease (TED) and upper eyelid retraction. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 67 patients with predominantly isolated TED-related upper eyelid retraction (89 eyes) between May 2023 and October 2024. AI models were used to quantify meibomian gland vagueness, meibomian gland density, and tear meniscus height (TMH). LPSC thickness and area were measured on orbital CT images. Correlation analyses, partial correlation analyses, generalized estimating equations (GEE), and exploratory parallel mediation analyses were performed. Results: Meibomian gland vagueness was negatively correlated with anterior LPSC area ( Conclusion: In this selected cohort of patients, LPSC enlargement was associated with reduced meibomian gland vagueness. The relationship between LPSC enlargement and increased TMH appeared to be indirect and may involve proptosis.
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