Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42870970›Full record

ArticleLearning health systems2026

Electronic Health Record Integration of a Calculator for Cesarean Risk During Labor Induction.

Rebecca F Hamm, M Corinne Steele, Sameh Saleh, Mika Epps, E Madeline Grenader, Lisa D Levine, M Kit Delgado

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Learning health systems, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Rebecca F HammDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2587-2054
M Corinne SteeleDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5747-2606
Sameh SalehInova Health System Fairfax Virginia USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-1659
Mika EppsPenn Medicine Information Services University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.
E Madeline GrenaderPenn Medicine Nudge Unit, Center for Health Care Transformation and Innovation, University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2919-5929
Lisa D LevineDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-7980
M Kit DelgadoCenter for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA Fairfax Virginia USA.

Funding

IC-CSRisk Study: Implementation of Calculated Cesarean Section Risk during labor induction, a multi-site stepped-wedge randomized rollout trialR01HD113618 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Rebecca Feldman Hamm · 2023 to 2026
$3.4M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD113618
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Our group developed a calculator to predict individualized likelihood of cesarean delivery for patients undergoing labor induction. We aimed to determine whether nudge theory informed EHR integration of the cesarean risk calculator would increase (1) calculator utilization, and (2) documentation of patient counseling on the result. Methods: This was a prospective cohort comparing 6 months pre (10/2022-4/2023) versus 6 months post EHR-release of the cesarean risk calculator (4/2023-10/2023) in two labor units. Prior to EHR-integration, Site #1 had a 2018 focused effort towards calculator website use, while Site #2 had no previous use. EHR-integration was automated to recognize eligible patients and allowed clinicians to confirm and utilize EHR variables for score automation, visible on electronic display. Counseling recommendations, specific to the patient's cesarean risk level, were then available for insertion into an EHR-note. The primary outcomes were (1) calculator utilization measured as a score generated in the EHR and (2) risk counseling defined as documentation of score discussion with the patient. The primary outcomes were also analyzed stratified by site. Results: A total of 2018 patients met eligibility criteria for the cesarean risk calculator (pre:998; post:1010). Clinician calculator utilization significantly increased POST-EHR implementation from 13.4% to 77.4% ( Conclusion: Behaviorally designed EHR integration of a cesarean risk calculator for labor induction was associated with significant increases in calculator utilization and documentation of patient counseling. This model could be applied to other evidence-based health-related risk calculators.

Indexed as

cesarean deliverycesarean riskcesarean risk calculatorclinician decision supportelectronic health recordimplementationmaternal morbiditynudge

Identifiers

PMID42870970
PMCPMC13658053

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.