ArticleCureus2026
Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injection Practices Among Indonesian Vitreoretinal Specialists: Findings From a 2021 National Survey.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to describe the preferred methods for performing intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections among vitreoretinal specialists in Indonesia, including pre-injection assessment, bevacizumab preparation, aseptic measures, injection technique, and post-injection care.
methodsThis was a descriptive survey of self-reported practice patterns. A cross-sectional survey was carried out, where active members of the Indonesian Vitreoretinal Society (INAVRS) were asked to complete a 44-item online survey on their intravitreal injection (IVI) technique. The survey was conducted in 2021.
resultsOut of the 116 participating vitreoretinal specialists, the response rate was 82.8%. Bevacizumab was the most commonly used anti-VEGF (73.3%). Around half of the participants (53.4%) assessed systemic and cardiac risks. A large portion (74.1%) did not use prophylactic topical antibiotics. Most injections (92.2%) were performed in a main operating room with the patient lying on their back (96.5%) and using tetracaine eye drops (94%). A majority (78.4%) avoided performing bilateral injections on the same day. Around 60.9% utilized a single puncture method for bevacizumab preparation, and 57.3% stored the opened bevacizumab vial for less than a week (27.5%) to up to a month (24.6%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, 100% of surgeons, assistants, and patients wore masks. Sterile gloves, a lid speculum, and a sterile ophthalmic drape were used by all participants, and 98.3% utilized povidone-iodine for antisepsis. A caliper was used by 69.8% of participants to measure the injection site, and a 30G needle was used in 94.8% of cases, mostly in the superotemporal quadrant (70.7%). Visual acuity post-injection was assessed with a counting finger test by 34.5%, while 95.7% of participants prescribed post-injection antibiotic drops for several days.
conclusionSubstantial variability was observed in self-reported intravitreal anti-VEGF injection practices, with some divergence from evidence-based recommendations. These findings reflect historical practice patterns and should not be interpreted as evidence of the comparative safety or effectiveness of specific procedural techniques.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.