ArticleTranslational cancer research2026
Cellular immunotherapy for lung cancer: current clinical evidence, translational challenges, and future perspectives: a narrative review.
Article in Translational cancer research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Cellular immunotherapy has achieved major advances in hematologic malignancies, but translation to lung cancer is constrained by antigen heterogeneity, limited trafficking and persistence, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), manufacturing complexity, and on-target off-tumor toxicity. This narrative review summarizes current clinical evidence, major translational barriers, and future development strategies for cellular immunotherapy in lung cancer. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from database inception to 1 June 2026 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms. Evidence on chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T), T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell (TCR-T), tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), natural killer (NK), chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK), and cancer vaccine-based strategies was reviewed, with priority given to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Key Content and Findings: Most lung-cancer cellular therapy studies remain early phase. TIL therapy has demonstrated clinical activity in NSCLC, while EGFR, MSLN, CEA, MUC1, PD-L1, B7-H3, and DLL3 are representative targets under investigation for CAR-based approaches; NY-ESO-1 and KK-LC-1 are representative TCR-T targets. Major barriers include antigen escape, poor tumor infiltration, HLA restriction or loss, immunosuppressive signaling, cellular exhaustion, limited persistence, manufacturing burden, and treatment-related toxicity. Current optimization strategies include gene editing, chemokine-receptor engineering, armored or logic-gated receptors, safety switches, optimized lymphodepletion, and rational combinations with other anticancer therapies. Conclusions: Cellular immunotherapy is a promising but still developing strategy for lung cancer. Future studies should prioritize biomarker-guided patient selection, safer and more persistent cell products, scalable manufacturing, and prospective clinical validation of rational combination strategies.
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