Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42870242›Full record

Trial reportBMC pediatrics2026

Comparative effects of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on diaphragm adaptations and respiratory function in adolescent athletes: a randomized-controlled study.

Zeliha Celik, Gurkan Demirtas, Nevin A Guzel, Halit Nahit Sendur, Muserrefe Nur Keles, Nihan Karatas, Nurdan Kokturk

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled TrialComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06759779 (Effects of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Respiratory Functions and Performance in Adolescent Volleyball Players), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06759779 narecruitingnot on this map

Effects of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Respiratory Functions and Performance in Adolescent Volleyball Players

TypeinterventionalSponsorGazi UniversityRan2023 to 2025Enrolled26ConditionsAdolescent DevelopmentArmsinspiratory muscle training, expiratory muscle training
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Zeliha CelikDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey. zeliha.celik@amasya.edu.tr.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-7791
Gurkan DemirtasDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Bor Faculty of Health Sciences, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-4519
Nevin A GuzelDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-7310
Halit Nahit SendurDepartment of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-2538
Muserrefe Nur KelesDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-8212
Nihan KaratasDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-4778
Nurdan KokturkDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-7265

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study aimed to investigate the comparative effects of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Training (IMT and EMST) on diaphragm thickness and stiffness, and respiratory muscle performance in adolescent athletes.

methodsIn this randomized controlled study, 26 adolescent female volleyball players were randomly assigned to the IMT and EMST groups. Both interventions were performed for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, twice daily. Diaphragm thickness and stiffness, pulmonary function, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP, MEP), and respiratory muscle endurance (Tmax) were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention.

resultsSignificant time effects were observed for diaphragm thickness during inspiration and expiration and for MIP and MEP (all p < 0.001). However, no significant group × time interactions were detected (p > 0.05). A significant time effect was observed for PEF% (p = 0.022), while no significant group × time interaction was detected for pulmonary function parameters (p > 0.05). Diaphragm stiffness and Tmax did not change significantly over time, and no significant group × time interactions were detected (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION: Improvements in diaphragm thickness and respiratory muscle strength were observed in both the IMT and EMST groups in adolescent athletes. Respiratory muscle training added to regular sports training may be associated with structural and strength adaptations in adolescent athletes.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06759779, Registered 6 January 2025. Retrospectively registered.

Indexed as

Adaptation, PhysiologicalBreathing ExercisesDiaphragmRespiratory MusclesVolleyballAdolescentAthletesFemaleHumansMuscle StrengthRespiratory Function TestsAdolescentAthletesBreathing exercisesDiaphragmRespiratory function testsUltrasonography

Identifiers

PMID42870242
PMCPMC13663061

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.