ArticleNature communications2026
Built-in electric field-boosted attomolar Pb²⁺ sensing on carboxylated black phosphorene.
Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Lead ion (Pb²⁺) contamination poses a severe and persistent threat to environmental safety and human health, demanding ultrasensitive and selective detection strategies. Herein, we fabricate a carboxyl-functionalized black phosphorene-modified surface plasmon resonance sensor (Au+BP-COOH) with built-in electric field enhancement for attomolar-level and highly selective Pb²⁺ detection. The Au/BP-COOH junction generates a strong interfacial built-in electric field, which strengthens near-field electromagnetic coupling and amplifies the SPR optical response, thereby boosting the detection sensitivity. Meanwhile, abundant oxygen-containing sites on BP-COOH enable efficient and preferential interaction with Pb²⁺. Our sensor achieves a detection limit of 10⁻¹⁹ M, 14 orders of magnitude lower than that of bare Au, and exhibits remarkable selectivity against Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. This label-free and straightforward platform provides a reliable route for ultratrace heavy-metal monitoring in environmental and food-safety applications.
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