ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2026
Is increased inflammation in schizophrenia associated with increased cardiovascular risk and the etiopathogenesis of this disorder?
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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14 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between increased cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia and immune-inflammatory markers, including toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on monocytes and their subsets, and to investigate the associations between the QRISK3 score and inflammatory markers. Methods: Serum cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)), monocyte subset distribution, and TLR-2/TLR-4/HLA-DR expression were assessed by flow cytometry in 77 individuals with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls. Cardiovascular risk parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), QRISK3, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), global longitudinal strain (GLS), and diastolic function, were evaluated using standard cardiological methods. Results: Compared with controls, the schizophrenia group showed higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels, lower NF-κB and IFN-γ levels, a higher proportion of classical and a lower proportion of non-classical monocytes. TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression differed across monocyte subsets, with higher mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in classical and intermediate monocytes. They also had higher triglyceride (TG), QRISK3, and CIMT, but lower GLS and mitral E/A values. QRISK3 correlated positively with mean CIMT and negatively with IL-6 and TNF-α, while elevated IL-6 and reduced NF-κB were most strongly associated with schizophrenia in hierarchical regression analysis. In the regression analysis, however, QRISK3 showed no significant association with any inflammatory cytokine. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that individuals with schizophrenia may exhibit alterations in immune-inflammatory markers, monocyte subset distribution, TLR-2/TLR-4 and HLA-DR expression, as well as cardiovascular risk indicators. In addition, the identification of IL-6 and NF-κB as the biomarkers most strongly associated with schizophrenia, together with the positive association between IL-6 and CIMT, suggests their potential relevance.
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