Associations of height-for-age and BMI-for-age

Background: Pediatric urolithiasis is an increasing public health concern in high-prevalence regions, but the relationship between child growth status and the odds of stone disease remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of height-for-age Methods: This hospital-based retrospective multicenter case-control study included 14,027 children aged <15 years, comprising 2,180 children with imaging-confirmed renal and/or ureteral stones and 11,847 controls without urolithiasis. HAZ and BAZ were calculated according to World Health Organization growth standards and references. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between HAZ, BAZ, and urolithiasis after adjustment for sex, ethnicity, age, and study center. Restricted cubic spline models were used to examine dose-response and nonlinear relationships, and subgroup analyses were performed by study center, sex, ethnicity, age group, and nutritional status. Results: Children with urolithiasis had lower HAZ and BAZ than controls (HAZ: -0.79 (-1.74, 0.24) compared with 0.57 (-0.29, 1.41); BAZ: -0.25 (-1.19, 0.77) compared with 0.36 (-0.61, 1.43); both Conclusion: Lower HAZ and BAZ were associated with higher odds of pediatric urolithiasis, with HAZ showing a stronger and nonlinear association.