ArticleFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2026
Retinal organoid-based evaluation of icariin-loaded extracellular vesicles for hypoxia-induced retinal injury via mitochondrial modulation.
Article in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hypoxic injury is a critical pathological factor in various retinal degenerative diseases, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and irreversible loss of retinal neurons. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Icariin-loaded extracellular vesicles (EV_ICA) using both R28 retinal progenitor cells and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived retinal organoids. Methods: EV_ICA were isolated and characterized by morphology, EV marker expression, and zeta potential analysis. A CoCl Results: EV_ICA exhibited typical spherical morphology, expressed standard EV markers, and showed a shift toward a less negative zeta potential compared to Naïve EV. In hypoxia-injured retinal models, EV_ICA significantly restored the expression of key retinal and neuroprotective markers, including Syntaxin12, NeuN, Vegf, Rbpms, Brn-3a, and Bdnf, while suppressing Hif-1α accumulation. Transcriptomic and GSEA analyses revealed that EV_ICA reactivated biological pathways associated with phototransduction, visual perception, and retinal development that were impaired under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, EV_ICA improved mitochondrial homeostasis by up-regulating mitochondrial-related genes, reducing mitochondrial ROS accumulation, and recovering intracellular ATP production. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that EV_ICA exerts neuroprotective effects by preserving mitochondrial quality control and restoring functional retinal gene programs under hypoxic stress. EV_ICA may therefore serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for hypoxia-related retinal degeneration and provide potential applications for cell-free regenerative medicine.
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