ReviewFrontiers in medicine2026
Divergent ocular safety profiles of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a pharmacological heterogeneity framework.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have revolutionized the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, yet their ocular safety profile remains contested. The longer-acting semaglutide has been repeatedly linked to an increased risk of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and, in situations of rapid glycemic correction, to early deterioration of diabetic retinopathy, while shorter-acting drugs such as liraglutide and exenatide show much weaker signals. This review explores the pharmacological underpinnings of this difference by combining three lines of evidence: biased agonism and trafficking at the receptor level, cell-type-specific signaling microenvironments, and a recently proposed hemodynamic mechanism based on GLP-1RA-mediated changes in intracranial pressure. The ocular liabilities of GLP-1RAs may be influenced by a multifactorial interplay between ligand-dictated receptor occupancy profiles, cell-type-specific signaling milieu, and individual anatomical vulnerabilities. This model makes testable predictions and has implications for drug choice, risk stratified monitoring, and the development of future agonists with enhanced ocular safety. Key areas for future research include head-to-head comparisons of different GLP-1RAs' signaling in specific ocular cell types and the risk-benefit equation in non-diabetic individuals using these drugs for weight loss.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.