ArticleInternational journal of dentistry2026
Macrophage-Marker Response and Exploratory Hepatorenal Safety of a Tricalcium Silicate-Biogenic Calcium Carbonate (
Article in International journal of dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate, in vivo, the macrophage marker response and exploratory hepatorenal safety of a complete candidate formulation of 75% tricalcium silicate (TCS) and 25% biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats underwent mechanical pulp exposure of the maxillary first molars and were randomly allocated to three groups ( Results: FTIR confirmed the presence of characteristic carbonate functional groups, and EDX indicated a calcium fraction of 23.7% on the analyzed surfaces, while chlorine decreased from 13.9% to 4.7% after hydration-liquid substitution. Compared to the commercial standard, the hybrid was associated with lower pan-macrophage infiltration (CD68) and M1-associated marker (iNOS) counts at each timepoint and higher M2-associated marker (CD163) counts, peaking at day 14 (all omnibus comparisons Conclusions: Compared with the commercial standard, the water-activated 75:25 hybrid was associated with lower pro-inflammatory (M1-associated) and higher proresolving (M2-associated) macrophage-marker levels and with milder renal histopathology and minimal hepatic injury relative to the commercial standard. Because these associations reflect marker immunoreactivity in independent cross-sectional samples rather than tracking individual cells, they support further preclinical evaluation of the hybrid for vital pulp therapy rather than proving efficacy. Because the formulations differed in more than one respect, the results reflect the net effect of the whole formulation rather than the isolated contribution of calcium carbonate.
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