ArticleJournal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques2026
Carbapenem-based versus non-carbapenem therapy for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in a resource-limited setting: a retrospective cohort study of clinical outcomes.
Article in Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are major causes of in-hospital mortality and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Carbapenems are commonly used due to their broad-spectrum activity; however, their efficacy in real-world clinical practices comparing carbapenem with non-carbapenem regimens in these settings is limited. Objectives: To compare clinical outcomes between patients receiving carbapenem-based and non-carbapenem therapy for HAP and VAP at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 93 adult patients (HAP: n = 62, VAP: n = 31) over the period of 1 year. Demographics, comorbidities, microbial isolates, treatment regimen, and clinical outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and risk ratio calculations with 95% confidence interval. Multivariable logistic regression was planned to adjust for confounders but was not feasible due to missing severity score and biomarker data. Results: HAP was more common in females (63%), while VAP showed a male predominance (52%). The most common pathogens were Conclusion: In this single-center retrospective cohort, no statistically significant association between carbapenem-based therapy and all-cause in-hospital mortality was detected in HAP or VAP. Crude mortality appeared highest among patients with
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