ArticleNeuroscience bulletin2026
Normative Modeling of Amygdala Subfields and Disease-Specific Vulnerabilities Across Neurological Disorders.
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124 authors.
Chao Zhang *Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8807-8825
Lu Bai *Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Dongli Shi *Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Wenling Li *Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
Liping AiDepartment of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, China.
Feng AoDepartment of Radiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
Yalin BaiDepartment of Radiology, Yuci Renmin Hospital, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
Yutong BaiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Haihua BaoDepartment of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
Qing CaiSchool of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Jiancang CaoDepartment of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Li ChaiDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Feiyan ChenSchool of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Feng ChenDepartment of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China.
Kun ChenCentre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, SAR, China.
Yaojing ChenState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Dan ChengDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
James ColeCentre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
Zaixu CuiChinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
Hui DaiDepartment of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
Demao DengDepartment of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
Xiaozhou DuDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Yuhui DuSchool of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
Xujun DuanThe Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
Ying FuDepartment of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
Zheqi GaoDepartment of Radiology, Yuci Renmin Hospital, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
Lubin GouDepartment of Radiology, Lanzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Chunjie GuoDepartment of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
Min GuoDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Ya GuoDepartment of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
Xuemei HanDepartment of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China.
Hongjian HeSchool of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
Yang HouDepartment of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
Basheng HuDepartment of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
Jianping HuDepartment of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
Tiantian HuaDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Chuchung HuangSchool of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Peiyu HuangDepartment of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
Junqiang LeiDepartment of Radiology, Lanzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Huijie LiState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
Jianrui LiDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
Junlin LiDepartment of Imaging Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, China.
Kexuan LiDepartment of Radiology, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
Kuncheng LiDepartment of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
Shaowu LiBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100050, China.
Xinyu LiDepartment of Imaging, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
Yang LiChinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
Yao LiNational Engineering Research Center of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Technologies for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Yongmei LiDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
Yunfei LiDepartment of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Peipeng LiangSchool of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
Haiyan LiaoDepartment of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
Lifang LiaoDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Bingjie LinDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Ching-Po LinInstitute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, China.
Jun LiuDepartment of Radiology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China.
Jungang LiuDepartment of Radiology, Xiamen Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen, 361006, China.
Weiqi LiuSophmind Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100080, China.
Ying LiuDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China.
Shanshan LuDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
Jie LuoNational Engineering Research Center of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Technologies for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Yuqi LuoDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Su LuiHuaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
Hailin MaXizang Autonomous Region Key Laboratory for High Altitude Brain Science and Environmental Acclimatization, Lhasa, 850000, China.
Ning MaoDepartment of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
Lanxi MengBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100050, China.
Linghui MengDepartment of Radiology, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
Jun QiuDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Juwei ShaoThe Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
Qin ShenDepartment of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
Yulu ShiDepartment of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Zhenyu ShuDepartment of Radiology, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
Decai TianDepartment of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Yiheng TuState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
Fei WangDepartment of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China.
Jiajia WangDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Jinhui WangInstitute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
Junkai WangDepartment of Radiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China.
Wen WangDepartment of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Xiaochun WangDepartment of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
Yilong WangDepartment of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Yinshan WangState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Yong WangDepartment of Radiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
Zheng WangSchool of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
Jinyuan WengPhilips (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, China.
Feiyun WuDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
Ying WuSchool of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
Yuankui WuDepartment of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
Haiyan WuCentre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, SAR, China.
Xiaona XiaDepartment of Radiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China.
Cheng XuDepartment of Imaging, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
Jiaheng XuDepartment of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
Jun XuDepartment of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Rui XuDepartment of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
Ruimeng YangDepartment of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
Songtao YinDepartment of Imaging Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, China.
Xi YinMedical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China.
Yulong YinSchool of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
Rongjun YuLife Science Imaging Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Zhen YuanCentre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, SAR, China.
Feifei ZhangDepartment of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
Hailian ZhangDepartment of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810007, China.
Jianguo ZhangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Ningnannan ZhangDepartment of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
Renlong ZhangInstitute of Research and Clinical Innovations, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China.
Tong ZhangDepartment of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
Yaqin ZhangDepartment of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
Zhiqiang ZhangDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
Zhihua ZhangDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Jian ZhaoDepartment of Radiology, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
Lianping ZhaoDepartment of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
Xiaohu ZhaoDepartment of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Xinxiang ZhaoDepartment of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, China.
Xin ZhaoSchool of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
Xia ZheDepartment of MRI, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
Fuqing ZhouDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
Jiajia ZhuDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
Li ZhuDepartment of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
Zhizheng ZhuoDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
Guoguang FanDepartment of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. fanguog@sina.com.
Yinfeng QianDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. liangminqyf@sohu.com.
Jingxuan WangDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. wangjingxuan@bjtth.org.
Yunyun DuanDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. xiaoyun81.love@163.com.
Yaou LiuDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. liuyaou@bjtth.org.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9930-0331
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As an integrative center of the limbic system, the amygdala and its subfields participate in diverse neural functions and demonstrate heterogeneous structural changes in various neurological disorders. In this study, three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI data from 22,258 healthy participants were analyzed using normative modeling to establish normative references for the volumes of the amygdala and its subfields. These models elucidated the developmental and aging curves of the amygdala and identified distinct ages at peak volume across subfields, ranging from 24.6 to 43.7 years. Based on these references, individual centile scores were calculated for 4132 patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral small vessel disease, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. These centile scores not only captured disease-specific deviation patterns of the amygdala subfields but also demonstrated utility in disease classification. Moreover, the centile scores correlated with clinical measures of cognitive function, emotional state, and motor performance across disorders. These findings suggest that normative references of the amygdala subfields provide insights into cross-disease alteration patterns and offer potential neuroimaging biomarkers to aid differential diagnosis and clinical assessment.
Indexed as
AmygdalaCross-disease analysisNeurological disorderNormative modelingStructural magnetic resonance imaging
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