ArticlePharmaceutical research2026
A Hierarchical Dual-barrier Nanoparticle System Combining Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Enteric Coating for Effective Oral Insulin Delivery.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveOral delivery of insulin is limited by enzymatic degradation and instability in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as inefficient intestinal absorption. This study aimed to develop a dual-barrier oral insulin delivery system to protect insulin during gastrointestinal transit.
methodsA hierarchical formulation was constructed by integrating dextran-mediated insulin stabilization, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) encapsulation, enteric coating, and lyophilization. Insulin was first complexed with dextran and subsequently encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (INS-SLNs) via a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method, followed by coating with Eudragit L100 (INS-SLNs-L100). The physicochemical properties, secondary structure, in vitro release and enzymatic stability, and in vivo hypoglycemic effects were evaluated.
resultsThe optimized INS-SLNs and INS-SLNs-L100 exhibited particle sizes of 221.2 ± 3.2 nm and 288.2 ± 1.1 nm, respectively, with encapsulation efficiencies exceeding 85%. The secondary structure of insulin was largely preserved after formulation and lyophilization. Both formulations improved the resistance of insulin to enzymatic degradation. The L100-coated formulation further enhanced insulin protection under simulated gastric conditions while maintaining efficient release under intestinal conditions. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, oral administration resulted in relative pharmacological availability (rPA) values of 5.69% and 7.66% for INS-SLNs and INS-SLNs-L100, respectively, compared with 1.1% for oral insulin solution.
conclusionThe developed dual-barrier oral insulin delivery system provided enhanced gastrointestinal protection and sustained hypoglycemic effects after oral administration, supporting its potential as a formulation strategy for oral delivery of insulin and other peptide therapeutics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42864478What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.