SynthesisPloS one2026
Predictors of immunological non-response despite virological suppression in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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12 authors.
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Abstract
Immunological Nonresponse (INR) in people living with HIV (PLWH) is characterized by inadequate CD4+ T-cell recovery despite effective viral suppression through antiretroviral therapy (ART). This systematic review and meta-analysis identify key clinical, demographic, and molecular predictors of INR to optimize immune recovery strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, yielding 59 eligible studies, with a total of 19,511 individuals with INR. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and pooled effect estimates were calculated as odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD), or standardized mean difference (SMD). Significant predictors of INR included male sex [OR 1.33 (1.12-1.58)], older age [MD 2.61 (1.42-3.81)], intravenous drug use [OR 1.67 (1.15-2.42)], hepatitis B coinfection [OR 1.30 (1.08-1.57)], hepatitis C coinfection [OR 1.85 (1.50-2.28)], tuberculosis [OR 1.77 (1.41-2.21)], advanced HIV stage [OR 2.66 (2.34-3.02)], and lower baseline and nadir CD4+ counts [SMD -3.82 (-4.94-(-2.70)), SMD -1.69 (-2.69-(-0.68))], respectively. Additionally, 57 biomarkers were identified as potential predictors of INR, implicating several immunological pathways. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of INR and the need for personalized approaches among ART-treated individuals.
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