ArticleBrain topography2026
Fixed-Sequence OFF-to-ON Differences in Low-Beta State Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease: A Paired Source-Space Resting-State EEG Study.
Article in Brain topography, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Resting-state EEG studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) have largely emphasized static power or connectivity, whereas fixed-sequence OFF-to-ON session differences may also involve the temporal organization of network states. Paired source-space evidence under such fixed acquisition protocols remains limited. We analyzed 64-channel eyes-closed resting-state EEG in 39 patients with PD contributing paired OFF/ON recordings for the prespecified 90 s primary analysis; 24 also contributed paired 178 s recordings for duration robustness. After individual MRI-based source reconstruction, low-beta (13-20 Hz) dynamic amplitude-envelope connectivity was computed with 2 s windows. Primary endpoints were switching rate (SR) and normalized Shannon entropy (H); fractional occupancy (FO_path) and mean dwell time (MDT_path) of an internally defined OFF-dominant state were prespecified secondary conditional endpoints and are interpreted only as conditional summaries. PD-only linear mixed-effects models quantified the fixed-sequence OFF-to-ON session contrast; medication state and session order were necessarily collinear. In the 90 s analysis, the later ON session showed higher SR (β = 3.3224, Holm p = 0.00406) and H (β = 0.06781, Holm p = 0.000749) than the earlier OFF session. FO_path (β = -0.09167, Holm p = 1.08 × 10⁻⁵) and MDT_path (β = -1.05171, Holm p = 0.00524) were lower in the later ON session. The 178 s reanalysis preserved the same directions, although SR and especially MDT_path were more parameter-sensitive across sensitivity analyses. The fixed OFF-then-ON protocol was associated with reproducible within-subject differences in low-beta state dynamics, with the strongest evidence arising from SR and H. Because medication state was perfectly collinear with session order, these findings cannot distinguish medication-specific effects from order-, time-, vigilance-, fatigue-, or adaptation-related influences. FO_path and MDT_path remain conditional summaries tied to an internally defined OFF-dominant state, and MDT was less stable in the 178 s and OFF-only sensitivity analyses.
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