ReviewZeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie2026
[The eye as a mirror of the heart-retinal findings in heart failure and cardiovascular diseases].
Review in Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDue to its unique anatomical and functional characteristics, the retina represents a promising organ for the evaluation of systemic vascular diseases. Modern imaging techniques, particularly optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), enable noninvasive and quantitative assessment of retinal microcirculation. The aim of this review is to present current findings on the significance of retinal biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on heart failure.
resultsNumerous studies show associations between retinal vascular changes and arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure. Changes in retinal vascular parameters such as vascular density and perfusion density correlate with structural and functional cardiac changes. Patients with retinal vascular occlusions have an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and higher cardiovascular mortality. Initial studies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure have demonstrated changes in retinal vascular and perfusion density that can be reversed by recompensation. These observations led to the introduction of the term "cardio-ocular syndrome," which describes the interactions between cardiac function, systemic congestion, and retinal microcirculation.
conclusionRetinal imaging opens up new possibilities for the noninvasive assessment of systemic microcirculatory disorders in cardiovascular diseases. OCT‑A could contribute in the future to risk stratification, assessment of disease progression, and monitoring of therapy in heart failure.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.