ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Nanobubbles enhance the effects of low-concentration sodium hypochlorite on root canal irrigation.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate whether nanobubbles (NBs) enhance the antibiofilm efficacy of low-concentration sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and enable smear layer removal. MATERIALS AND
methodsEnterococcus faecalis biofilms were established on dentin discs and in root canals. Biofilms on dentin discs were treated with pure water, nanobubble water (NBW), 0.01% NaClO, 0.01% NaClO + NB, or 0.1% NaClO, then observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Residual biomass was quantified by colony forming unit (CFU) counting. Root canals were irrigated with pure water, 0.5% NaClO, 0.5% NaClO + NB, or 3% NaClO. Antibacterial effects were evaluated by CLSM and CFU counting. Smear layer removal was evaluated by SEM. Solution penetration was evaluated by crystal violet bleaching.
resultsCompared with 0.01% NaClO, 0.01% NaClO + NB caused more dead bacteria (P < 0.05) and disrupted biofilm structure. Bacteria with cell wall perforations were observed exclusively in NB-containing groups. In root canals, 0.5% NaClO + NB resulted in more dead bacteria than 0.5% NaClO alone at all examined depths (P < 0.05), and was comparable to 3% NaClO at 100 μm depth into the dentinal tubules in coronal third and 100-200 μm depth in middle third (P > 0.05). NaClO + NB group exhibited the lowest residual biomass on canal walls, enabled effective smear layer removal, and enhanced solution penetration (P < 0.05).
conclusionsNBs enhanced antibiofilm efficacy and enabled smear layer removal, thereby improving the performance of low-concentration NaClO in root canal irrigation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adding NBs to low-concentration NaClO offers a promising strategy to enhance root canal irrigation efficacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42858192What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.