ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Liposomal and Polymeric Drug Delivery of Creatine: Exploring a Multifaceted Molecule for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Beyond.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Creatine (Cr), best known as a sports supplement, is increasingly recognized for its multifaceted biological functions and broad therapeutic potential. Through its roles in cellular energy homeostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress reduction, and neuroinflammation modulation, Cr has shown therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), cancer, and other disorders of energy metabolism. For NDs specifically, the application of Cr may be hindered by poor bioavailability, high dose requirements, and, most importantly, its limited ability to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have introduced new approaches that may help address these limitations by improving pharmacokinetics, facilitating BBB penetration, enabling targeted drug delivery, and supporting controlled drug release. Among these platforms, liposomes and polymer-based systems have been widely studied because of their favorable biocompatibility, safety profiles, and translational potential. These delivery strategies have mainly been evaluated in preclinical studies and in models of diseases other than NDs. This review examines the therapeutic potential of Cr in NDs by integrating current knowledge of its biological functions with developments in liposomal and polymeric drug delivery systems that may facilitate brain delivery and improve therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies of Cr-based formulations, Cr analogues, phosphocreatine, and other nanocarrier systems have provided insights into different approaches for improving Cr delivery and expanding its therapeutic applications. Furthermore, it summarizes recent progress in Cr-based nanomedicine, identifies current translational challenges, and highlights future research directions to advance Cr-based therapies, particularly for NDs, with potential applications in cancer and other energy metabolism-related disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.