ReviewCytoJournal2026
Cytopathology of the microbiome-immune interface: Emerging applications of cytology in infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions.
Review in CytoJournal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of the study is to synthesize current evidence on the microbiome-immune interface as reflected in cytopathologic specimens and to explore the emerging diagnostic, prognostic, and translational applications of cytology in infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Material and Methods: This narrative review integrates published literature on cytopathology, microbiome research, and immune profiling. Relevant studies examining cytologic specimens, including fine-needle aspiration, effusion cytology, liquid-based cytology, and lavage samples, were evaluated for their contributions to understanding host-microbe interactions. Emphasis was placed on studies incorporating molecular microbiome analysis (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing, metagenomics), immunocytochemistry, cytokine profiling, and digital image analysis. Results: Cytologic specimens provide a minimally invasive platform that captures dynamic interactions between epithelial cells, immune infiltrates, and microbial communities. In infectious diseases, cytology enables direct pathogen visualization while reflecting immune activation patterns such as granuloma formation and neutrophilic inflammation. In chronic inflammatory disorders, cytologic features including lymphoid infiltrates and macrophage activation may correspond with microbiome-driven immune dysregulation. In oncology, tumor-associated microbiota detectable in cytology samples influence immune checkpoint expression, macrophage polarization, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Integration of molecular assays, single-cell technologies, and artificial intelligence further enhances the ability of cytology to characterize microbiome-immune signatures within limited specimens. Conclusion: Cytopathology is evolving from a purely morphologic discipline into an integrative platform that bridges microbial ecology and immune dynamics. Incorporating microbiome profiling and immune phenotyping into routine cytologic evaluation holds promise for improved disease stratification, early detection, and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Recognizing cytology as a window into the microbiome-immune interface may redefine its role in precision medicine across infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.