ArticleVeterinary world2026
Sustainable synthesis of calcium propionate from postbiotic propionic acid produced by Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis-Pichia kudriavzevii co-culture using alternative calcium sources: Physicochemical characterization and feed additive potential.
Article in Veterinary world, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aim: Calcium propionate is a multifunctional feed additive widely used to improve energy metabolism, prevent metabolic disorders, and enhance feed preservation in livestock production. However, commercial calcium propionate is predominantly synthesized from petrochemical-derived propionic acid, raising concerns regarding sustainability and resource dependence. This study aimed to synthesize calcium propionate using bio-derived propionic acid produced by a co-culture of Materials and Methods: Bio-derived propionic acid obtained from an optimized microbial co-culture fermentation was reacted with eggshell flour, shellfish meal, bone meal, and indigenous limestone flour under optimized synthesis conditions (200-mesh particle size, 15% propionic acid, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.14:1, 80°C, and 2.5 h). The synthesized products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate morphology, elemental composition, functional groups, and crystalline structure. Results: The calcium source markedly influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized calcium propionate. Eggshell-derived calcium propionate exhibited the most porous and heterogeneous microstructure, indicating a greater apparent surface area than products synthesized from the other calcium sources. EDS analysis confirmed that calcium, carbon, and oxygen were the predominant elements in all products, while the eggshell-derived product showed the most homogeneous elemental composition with fewer detectable impurities. FTIR spectra confirmed successful calcium propionate formation in all treatments through characteristic carboxylate absorption bands, whereas the eggshell-derived product exhibited sharper and better-defined absorption peaks, indicating greater chemical uniformity. XRD analysis further demonstrated a more ordered crystalline structure and fewer secondary mineral phases in the eggshell-derived product than in the shellfish meal-, bone meal-, and limestone-derived products. Collectively, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XRD consistently identified eggshell flour as the most suitable calcium precursor for producing high-quality calcium propionate. Conclusion: Eggshell flour is a promising sustainable calcium source for producing high-quality calcium propionate from bio-derived propionic acid. Integrating postbiotic propionic acid production with eggshell waste valorization provides an environmentally friendly approach for manufacturing value-added feed additives while supporting circular bioeconomy principles and sustainable livestock production.
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