SynthesisFrontiers in neurology2026
Comparative effects of six exercise modalities on global cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are commonly accompanied by cognitive decline. Although exercise is recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy, the comparative effects of different exercise modalities on global cognition remain uncertain. Objective: To compare six exercise modalities-aerobic exercise (AE), mind-body exercise (MBE), resistance training (RT), multi-component exercise (MCE), flexibility training (FT), and functional training (FTr)-for global cognitive function in people with AD, PD, or MCI, and to explore dose-related associations. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to January 26, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were synthesized using a frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis (NMA) with standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Treatment rankings were summarized using SUCRA. Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, diagnosis-related sensitivity analyses, and CINeMA certainty assessments were also performed. Results: Twenty-eight trials involving 1,993 participants were included. Compared with control group (CG), AE [SMD = 0.47, 95% CI (0.18, 0.77)], MBE [SMD = 0.79, 95% CI (0.46, 1.11)], RT [SMD = 1.50, 95% CI (0.77, 2.23)], MCE [SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.26, 1.40)], and FTr [SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.13, 1.53)] improved global cognition, whereas FT showed no clear effect [SMD = -0.20, 95% CI (-1.27,0.87)]. RT ranked first, followed by MCE, FTr, MBE, AE, and FT. Heterogeneity was substantial (τ Conclusion: AE, MBE, RT, MCE, and FTr may improve global cognition in people with AD, PD, or MCI. RT showed the largest effect estimate and the most favorable ranking. However, substantial heterogeneity and sparse evidence for several modalities limit firm conclusions. Exercise selection should be individualized, and dose-related findings require confirmation in adequately powered comparative trials.
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