Observational studyMedicine2026
Global trends in young and older adult esophageal cancer burden from 1990 to 2021: An observational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.
Observational study in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and analyzing its most recent disease trends is essential for effective prevention and control strategies. Data on the global burden of EC were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study, including prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and attributable risk factors. Age-standardized rates were calculated for each indicator, and estimated annual percentage change was used to assess temporal trends in ASRs from 1990 to 2021. Analyses were stratified by age group (20-54 years and ≥55 years), sex, and socio demographic index. Joinpoint regression was applied to estimate annual percentage change, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was constructed to project the disease burden from 2021 to 2050. In 2021, the age-standardized prevalence rate of EC was 11.474 (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]: 10.151-12.803) per 100,000 population, representing a 13.96% decrease compared with 1990. The age-standardized incidence rate was 6.655 (95% UI: 5.883-7.45) per 100,000 population, declining by 24.86%. The age-standardized mortality rate was 6.255 (95% UI: 5.527-7.003) per 100,000 population, a reduction of 30.67%, while the age-standardized DALYs rate was 148.561 (95% UI: 131.709-166.818) per 100,000 population, corresponding to a 36.87% decrease. The disease burden was particularly pronounced in Turkmenistan. Overall, the burden of EC was higher in males than in females and increased with age, peaking in the 65 to 69 years age group. Regarding risk factors, tobacco use, high alcohol consumption, and dietary risks were the leading contributors to global EC-related deaths and DALYs. The most substantial declines in EC burden occurred in the years following 2004. Projections indicate that by 2050, the DALYs burden attributable to EC will decrease markedly. These findings demonstrate that age‑standardized rates of global EC burden have declined over the past 3 decades, despite rising absolute disease counts. Targeted strategies to improve EC management should prioritize men, particularly those aged 65 to 69 years. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors contributing to EC burden is critical for the development and implementation of effective public health policies, which will further contribute to reducing the global burden of EC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.