Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42853375›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Developmental Stage at Immigration and Mental Health: Group-Specific Findings Among Asian and Latinx Young Adults.

Chang Zhao, G Alice Woolverton, Ritika Rastogi, Tiffany Yip, Sasha Zhou, Cindy H Liu

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Chang ZhaoDepartment of Pediatrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-7348
G Alice WoolvertonDepartment of Pediatrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Ritika RastogiDepartment of Psychology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.
Tiffany YipDepartment of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
Sasha ZhouDepartment of Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
Cindy H LiuDepartment of Pediatrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. chliu@bwh.harvard.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe immigrant paradox describes the phenomenon in which first-generation immigrants often report better mental health outcomes than their U.S.-born peers, despite facing greater social adversity. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon holds across specific mental health outcomes, racial/ethnic groups, and developmental stages at immigration. This study examined mental health among Asian and Latinx young adults who moved to the U.S. at different ages.

methodsUsing data from the 2022-2023 Healthy Minds Study of Asian (N = 8,694) and Latinx (N = 6,128) college students, we applied logistic regression models to assess odds of probable depression, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation among students who moved to the U.S. during childhood (before age 12), adolescence (ages 12-17), and young adulthood (ages 18-30), compared to co-ethnic U.S.-born peers.

resultsCompared to U.S.-born Asians, Asian students who moved to the U.S. between ages 18 and 30 had lower odds of probable depression (OR = 0.82, p < .01), probable anxiety (OR = 0.78, p < .001), and suicidal ideation (OR = 0.80, p < .05), after adjusting for demographics. Latinx students who moved to the U.S. at different ages did not differ significantly in mental health outcomes, compared to U.S.-born Latinx peers.

conclusionAmong Asian students, a mental health advantage was observed only among students who arrived in adulthood. No such association was observed among Latinx students at any age of arrival. Findings point to distinct experiences of groups aggregated under broad racial and ethnic labels, depending on developmental timing of immigration.

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Age at immigrationAnxietyCollege studentsDepressionSelf-injurySuicidal ideation

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PMID42853375

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