ArticleImmunologic research2026
Upregulation of cellular exhaustion-related genes and CD4 + T cell disturbances in immunological non-responders on antiretroviral therapy.
Article in Immunologic research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV replication, but 10-40% of people living with HIV do not reconstitute CD4 + T cell counts despite viral suppression. Cellular exhaustion and alteration in the frequency of CD4 + T cell subsets are mechanisms involved in immunological nonresponse. This study investigated cellular exhaustion through gene expression and frequencies of CD4 + T cell subpopulations through flow cytometry in 36 male individuals living with HIV (28 immunological responders and 8 immunological non-responders) after 18 months of treatment. Gene expression analysis revealed significantly upregulation of PDCD1 (fold change = 1.81; p = 0.0003) and TIGIT (fold change = 1.80; p = 0.0055) in immunological non-responders compared to immunological responders, with ROC curve analysis confirming discriminatory ability. Flow cytometry demonstrated lower frequencies of recent thymic emigrant (19.42 ± 7.76 vs. 32.29 ± 10.68; p = 0.0285) and naive CD4 + T cells (26.10 ± 9.41 vs. 47.65 ± 13.45; p = 0.0194) in immunological non-responders compared to immunological responders. Moreover, we observed higher frequency of central memory CD4 + T cells (47.94 ± 13.42 vs. 32.58 ± 9.89; p = 0.0184), with excellent discriminatory capacity. TIGIT expression inversely correlated with recent thymic emigrant (r = -0.7284; p = 0.0013) and naive CD4 + T cells (r = -0.7394; p = 0.0010), and directly with central memory CD4 + T cells (r = 0.7264; p = 0.0014). These findings emphasize cellular exhaustion and dysregulated CD4 + T cell subsets as critical factors of immunological nonresponse.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.