Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42853111›Full record

ArticleThe oncologist2026

Immune checkpoint inhibitors induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with malignant cancer.

Aoxi Liang, Yuanqiang Wu, Shengchi Chen, Jisheng Li, Yue Pan, Yixing Luo, Yue Zeng, Shijiao Yao, Shuxing Wang, Chunhong Hu and 2 more

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In one paragraph

Article in The oncologist, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Aoxi LiangDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Yuanqiang WuDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Shengchi ChenDepartment of Oncology, Nanping First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China.
Jisheng LiDepartment of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
Yue PanDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
Yixing LuoXiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
Yue ZengDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Shijiao YaoDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Shuxing WangDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Chunhong HuDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Xianling LiuDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
Fang WuDepartment of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6627-3437

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAutoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare but potentially life-threatening hematologic immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study reports 3 new cases of ICI-induced AIHA from three medical centers in China and places them in the context of existing literature.

methodsThree patients with AIHA following ICI therapy were identified from The Second Xiangya Hospital, Qilu Hospital, and Nanping First Hospital. A PubMed search up to June 1, 2026, was conducted to collect previously reported cases with sufficient clinical details.

resultsA total of 51 cases were analyzed, including three new patients and 48 from published reports. The mean age was 65.2 years, and 47.1% were male. The most common tumor types were melanoma (49.0%) and non-small cell lung cancer (27.5%). Most cases were associated with anti-PD-1 agents, particularly pembrolizumab and nivolumab, and AIHA typically developed early during ICI therapy. Corticosteroids were the primary treatment, with 92.2% achieving hematologic recovery or improvement. Four deaths (7.8%) were attributed to severe hemolysis. All three newly identified patients had pre-existing anemia before ICI initiation.

conclusionsICI-induced AIHA usually occurs early during ICI therapy and responds favorably to corticosteroid-based treatment. Pre-existing anemia in our cases should be regarded as a hypothesis-generating observation rather than evidence of a specific risk factor, underscoring the need for early hemolysis work-up and close monitoring when anemia worsens after ICI exposure.

Indexed as

Anemia, Hemolytic, AutoimmuneImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsNeoplasmsAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedImmune Checkpoint Inhibitorsanemiaautoimmune hemolytic anemiacorticosteroidsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsirAEPD-1

Identifiers

PMID42853111

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