ReviewFrontiers in medicine2026
Trained immunity-based mucosal immunotherapies for preventing respiratory infections: a translational, evidence-graded appraisal of platforms, populations, and the protection-immunopathology balance.
Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Conventional respiratory vaccines protect through antigen-specific immunity, leaving broad gaps against antigenically diverse and emerging pathogens and inducing little protection at the airway surface itself. Trained immunity, the durable epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors, offers antigen-agnostic, heterologous protection and can be induced directly at the respiratory mucosa, providing a mechanistic rationale for a new class of prophylactic immunotherapies. Here we appraise this field from a clinical-translational, evidence-graded standpoint, integrating three interdependent axes. We first compare the principal inducer platforms (bacille Calmette-Guérin,
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