Supporting obstetric sonographers following diagnostic error: Evidence-informed interventions to promote well-being, learning and patient safety.

Introduction: Diagnostic errors in obstetric ultrasound can cause significant harm to patients and are increasingly recognised to have profound emotional and professional consequences for clinicians, described as the second victim phenomenon. An empirical study of obstetric sonographers identified substantial second victim distress and highlighted gaps in preparation, support and organisational response. This paper translates those findings into practical, evidence-informed interventions for clinical practice. Methods: An abductive, pragmatic intervention development approach was used, informed by empirical findings and relevant literature on second victim support, trauma-informed care and just culture. A structured mapping process linked identified gaps in knowledge, skills, policy and resources to proposed intervention components. Results: Three complementary intervention models were developed. Model 1 proposes a supportive learning environment to better prepare sonographers for diagnostic error through education, peer support and structured learning opportunities. Model 2 presents an Ultrasound Manager Second Victim Support Tool to guide consistent and compassionate managerial responses. Model 3 outlines a phase-based early intervention guideline to support timely, trauma-informed responses following diagnostic error, including immediate, follow-up and ongoing support. Conclusion: These models provide a practical framework to support sonographers and ultrasound managers following diagnostic error. By addressing identified gaps in preparation, managerial response and early support, they aim to promote well-being, learning and patient safety, and support the development of just, learning-orientated cultures. Future research should evaluate these interventions in clinical practice.