ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026
Clinical factors associated with peri-implantitis and the culture-based microbiological profile of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective matched case-control study.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Peri-implantitis is a biofilm-associated inflammatory disease that can compromise peri-implant tissue stability and implant survival. This study separately examined clinical indicators in a matched case-control analysis and described culture findings among peri-implantitis cases; the microbiological component was not designed to compare disease with health. Methods: This retrospective matched case-control study included consecutive adults receiving dental implant treatment between June 2021 and June 2025. Cases met the 2017 World Workshop case definition for peri-implantitis (n = 128), whereas controls without peri-implantitis were selected at a 1:2 ratio (n = 256) by matching on index year and observation time. Microbiological sampling was performed only in cases at disease presentation. All 128 cases were retained in the clinical analyses regardless of culture result; organism-distribution and susceptibility summaries were limited to culture-positive episodes. Clinical associations were evaluated using a Results: Among the 128 peri-implantitis cases, bacterial growth was recovered from 112 episodes (87.5%), whereas 16 episodes (12.5%) were culture-negative. No single organism predominated; the four most frequently recovered taxa each occurred in 19.6%-28.6% of culture-positive episodes. These frequencies are descriptive of cases only. In the matched clinical comparison, history of periodontitis was associated with peri-implantitis (adjusted OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.25-2.99). The larger estimate for immune-related disorders was imprecise (adjusted OR 5.84, 95% CI 1.67-20.47). Anodized implant surface, longer surgery duration, pre-index occlusal overload, higher pre-index plaque index, and fewer maintenance visits were also retained in the exploratory model. Conclusions: Culture results describe viable organisms recovered from peri-implantitis cases under the study conditions and do not permit comparison with healthy implants. History of periodontitis was associated with peri-implantitis (adjusted OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.25-2.99); other model estimates remain exploratory because the covariates were selected
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