Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42846884›Full record

ArticleFundamental research2026

Analysis of critical conditions for air bubble detachment from freezing fronts under different gravitational environments.

Keke Shao, Mengjie Song, Jun Shen, Dong Rip Kim, Xuan Zhang, Long Zhang, Zekang Zhen

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Article in Fundamental research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Keke ShaoDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Mengjie SongDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Jun ShenDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Dong Rip KimSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
Xuan ZhangDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Long ZhangDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
Zekang ZhenDepartment of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Extraterrestrial water resources like water ice are essential for space activities. Exploration of ice formation processes in different gravitational environments will contribute to developing and utilizing these water ice resources. The formation of air bubbles on freezing fronts during icing is a common phenomenon, and their behavior of detachment or trapping directly affects ice properties. Mathematical modeling of the forces acting on air bubbles on freezing fronts is developed to investigate air bubbles' detachment and trapping conditions under different gravitational accelerations. The main forces affecting the state of bubbles are the lift force composed of buoyant, Marangoni, and thermomolecular forces, and the drag force composed of adhesion force and gravity. The equilibrium of the lift force and drag force is the critical mechanical condition for air bubble detachment and trapping, and the bubble radius at this time is defined as the critical detachment radius. The experimentally validated mathematical model predicts the air bubble detachment radius with an accuracy of > 65%, which is higher than the 30% of the existing model. The analysis reveals that among the forces affecting the bubble state, the Marangoni and adhesion forces are the dominant factors. The tilt angle of the freezing front, temperature gradient, and liquid density affect the bubble detachment radius, with the temperature gradient having the greatest effect. The study of the critical conditions for air bubble detachment and trapping under different gravitational environments can provide references for engineering applications such as space activities, metal casting, anti-icing, and deicing, as well as enrich the liquid-solid phase change mechanism.

Indexed as

Air bubbleDetachment and trappingForce analysisFreezing frontGravitational acceleration

Identifiers

PMID42846884
PMCPMC13644416

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