ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Cross-cohort convergence of a microglial transcriptional state balance in idiopathic autism and Dup15q syndrome.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses diverse etiologies, creating a need for molecular measurements that retain biological meaning across cortical resources. We examined a predefined transcriptional balance within microglia-annotated nuclei and asked which expression component accounted for its disease-associated direction. Methods: Population A and Population B were defined as PsychENCODE/Wamsley clusters 0 and 2. A primary all-donor signature comprised 150 genes per direction derived from 44 donors with at least 10 nuclei in each population; a control-derived signature used 20 eligible controls. The same gene lists were projected separately into Velmeshev idiopathic ASD and Perez Dup15q data. Associations were evaluated using donor-level regression or donor-random-intercept models, with component and sensitivity analyses. Results: Primary B-minus-A coefficients were positive in PsychENCODE (beta=0.058, P = 0.247, Benjamini-Hochberg q=0.247), Velmeshev (beta=0.154, P = 0.104, q=0.156), and Perez Dup15q (beta=0.151, P = 0.014, q=0.041). Dup15q provided the clearest primary statistical evidence; the idiopathic ASD estimates were directionally concordant but individually nonsignificant. External Population A coefficients were negative (Velmeshev beta=-0.157; Perez beta=-0.147), whereas Population B estimates were closer to zero. Positive B-minus-A direction was retained across alternative signature derivation, Perez cell definitions, tested technical adjustments, contamination/doublet exclusion masks, conservative gene exclusion, and all donor-removal refits within each external resource. Conclusion: A predefined state-balance measurement identifies a shared direction across the analyzed ASD-related resources, with the clearest evidence in Dup15q. Component analysis favors lower Population A-associated expression over a generalized increase in Population B-associated expression. This defines an interpretable molecular phenotype for mechanistic follow-up without assigning either population to a purified cell subtype.
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