ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
From toddler to school age: longitudinal motor and cognitive outcomes in children with critical congenital heart disease.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Despite improved survival, children with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) face motor, cognitive, and executive functioning (EF) deficits. This can negatively impact their quality of life, yet longitudinal data on these domains and their interrelationships, remain scarce. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study, 29 children with CCHD were assessed at 2 years, of whom 27 children were reassessed at 5 years, and 25 children at 8 years. Age-appropriate standardized instruments were used. Associations were examined using Spearman correlations, with Bonferroni-Holm correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Large correlations emerged between the cognition score at 2 years and the total intelligence quotient (IQ) score at 8 years ( Conclusion: Two subgroups emerged with a relatively low, and a relatively high motor and cognitive performance group despite fluctuations in absolute test scores, with lower birthweight forming a risk factor for cognitive impairments. Overall, children showed impaired motor development compared to the normative means. Larger studies are needed to examine the interplay between motor, cognition, and EF development.
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