ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Associations between pre-to-post TMS-evoked potential changes and motor sequence learning across retention intervals.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Motor sequence learning involves practice-related changes in behavior and neural activity, yet the neurophysiological markers associated with later retention remain unclear. TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) provide a measure of cortical responses to stimulation and may help characterize physiological-behavioral relationships across different learning timescales. Whether these associations differ across retention intervals remains unclear. We examined whether baseline TMS-EEG measures or task-related changes in right primary motor cortex (M1) TEPs are associated with initial acquisition and subsequent performance change across short and long-term retention intervals during a non-dominant hand motor sequence task. Seventeen healthy right-handed adults performed a five-element finger-tapping sequence with the left hand across three sessions: Day 1 (acquisition), Day 2 (short-term retention), and Day 7 (long-term retention). Single-pulse TMS-EEG was acquired before and after task performance over right M1 at each session. Four TEP components (N45, N100, P180, and N280) were analyzed. Day 1 training was associated with increases in PR and ACC, together with improved accuracy-adjusted efficiency, and slope dynamics remained broadly stable across later test sessions. Acute pre-to-post right-M1 TEP changes were not associated with rapid within-session acquisition. Pre-to-post P180 TEP change showed a nominal association with subsequent efficiency change, with a stronger nominal pattern over the 24-h interval than over the 5-day interval. However, neither the P180 dTEP effect nor the Interval × dTEP interaction survived FDR correction, and both were sensitive to participant-level influence and bootstrap resampling. These findings suggest that right-M1 TEP measures showed different relationships with rapid within-session acquisition and between-session performance change. Late P180 changes may be related to performance change across different retention intervals, but whether they reflect time-dependent consolidation processes remains to be established.
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