ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Ambient air pollutants and outpatient visits for conjunctivitis in Hefei, China: a time-series study of hospital-based data during 2014-2023.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Ambient air pollutants can directly act on the conjunctiva, triggering or exacerbating conjunctivitis. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the effects of common air pollutants on conjunctiva remains limited. Methods: We collected 73,043 outpatient records of conjunctivitis visits to hospitals in Hefei from 2014 to 2023. A time-series study was adopted to investigate the short-term associations between five common air pollutants [i.e., aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM₂.₅), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM₁₀), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and the risk of outpatient visits for conjunctivitis]. Furthermore, we explored the potential effect modification by gender, age, season, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Exposures to all five ambient air pollutants were positively associated with elevated daily outpatient visit risks for conjunctivitis, with the strongest single-day effects generally observed on the concurrent day of exposure (lag 0), while cumulative analyses indicated pollutant-specific short-term lag patterns. The magnitude of associations varied across pollutants; SO₂ showed the largest lag-0 effect estimate, followed by NO₂. Stratified analyses further revealed that season, gender, age, and study period modified the pollutant-conjunctivitis associations to varying degrees. Conclusion: This study found that short-term exposure to PM
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