ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Associations of soundscape naturalness and natural-element complexity with short-term psychophysiological restoration in campus green spaces: a virtual reality study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sustainable campus development increasingly requires outdoor environments that support both environmental quality and student wellbeing. Yet campus green spaces are commonly evaluated through visible greenness, while the combined roles of natural visual structure and soundscape naturalness remain unclear. This study integrated natural-element fractal dimension (NEFD) and the Green Soundscape Index (GSI) to assess short-term psychophysiological responses to campus green spaces. Seventy-three audiovisual scenes were collected from 10 campuses in Suzhou, China, and nine representative NEFD-GSI conditions were selected for a repeated-measures virtual reality experiment. Forty students were recruited, with valid data from 35 participants. Visual-only and audiovisual exposures were evaluated using subjective ratings, eye tracking, electrodermal activity, and cardiovascular indicators. Across the nine sampled scene conditions, response differences were most consistently aligned with the GSI dimension; for pupil diameter, the omnibus GSI-related contrast was substantial,
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.