ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Association between average screen time and dry eye disease: a secondary analysis of publicly available cross-sectional data.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The pervasive use of smartphones and other visual display terminals has heightened concerns regarding ocular health, especially the development or exacerbation of dry eye disease (DED) and inflammatory conjunctivitis. Prolonged screen viewing is consistently linked to a reduced spontaneous blink rate, accelerated tear-film evaporation, and a shortened tear-film break-up time (TBUT), factors that synergistically promote tear-film instability and ocular discomfort. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between excessive daily screen exposure and the prevalence of DED. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a publicly available, de-identified dataset from Kaggle (Dry Eye Disease Dataset, Results: Among 20,000 participants, 13,037 (65.2%) were classified as having DED according to the dataset label and 6,963 (34.8%) as not having DED. After full adjustment, each additional hour of average screen time was associated with 2% higher odds of DED [odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.03, Conclusions: This cross-sectional analysis demonstrates a consistent, dose-dependent association between daily screen exposure and the prevalence of DED. Each additional hour of screen exposure was associated with higher odds of DED.
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