Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42843843›Full record

ReviewEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2026

Effects of opioids and stimulants on the respiratory system.

Christina Lildharrie, Faith N Veenker, Kylee B Miller, Michele-Vera Yonga, Sarah Abey, Gene-Jack Wang, Sung Won Kim, Sukru B Demiral, Nora D Volkow

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Christina LildharrieLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2890-5205
Faith N VeenkerLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kylee B MillerLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Michele-Vera YongaLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Sarah AbeyLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Gene-Jack WangLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Sung Won KimLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Sukru B DemiralLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA sukru.demiral@nih.gov.
Nora D VolkowLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Drug overdose remains an urgent public health concern as it is a leading cause of fatal injury in the United States, with approximately 90% being attributed to opioid-induced respiratory depression from synthetic opioids. This statistic is primarily driven by the rise in the use of fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid and its increased use in combination with stimulant drugs. The rise in the combined use of opioids and stimulants raises questions about pharmacological and physiological interactions, and its implication for the treatment of their addictive consequences and of overdoses. Though opioid-related fatalities are due to respiratory depression and stimulant fatalities predominantly from cardiac disruption, co-use creates interactions that remain under studied. Similarly, how medications designed to treat opioid use disorder impact respiration has been mostly neglected. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies on the effects of opioids and stimulants on respiration, focusing on brainstem respiratory nuclei, and explore implications for advancing prevention and treatment strategies for drug-related overdose.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidCentral Nervous System StimulantsLungOpioid-Related DisordersRespirationRespiratory CenterRespiratory InsufficiencyRespiratory SystemAnimalsDrug InteractionsDrug OverdoseHumansRisk FactorsAnalgesics, OpioidCentral Nervous System Stimulants

Identifiers

PMID42843843
PMCPMC13643504

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.