Inter-strain diversity among coastal picocyanobacteria across salinity gradients.

Strains of the picocyanobacteria genera Synechococcus and Cyanobium occur in cold-temperate zones, from coastal waters to the open ocean, spanning a range of salinities and water depths. To thrive across different salinities, picocyanobacteria strains acclimate internal turgor by expending metabolic energy to accumulate compatible solutes and extrude inorganic ions. We grew five picocyanobacterial strains, derived from a range of source habitat salinities, under a matrix of light and salinity levels. Although chlorophyll is a general proxy for phytoplankton biomass, Chl/cell is itself a key component of acclimation. Indeed, for all strains, except the brackish water CZS48M, the conditions supporting the highest Biovolume-specific growth rates shifted upwards towards higher salinities and PAR, compared to conditions for maximum Chl-specific growth. Therefore, the apparent optimal niche for a strain varies depending upon the metric used to track growth. Strains CZS48M and CZS25K derived from brackish lagoons of the Baltic Sea may be true 'brackobionts,' with maximal growth at brackish salinities and high PAR, coinciding with conditions for their maximal metabolic capacities. CZS48M and CZS25K both also show high metabolism under higher salinity and low PAR, suggesting a situation of rapid metabolism, but lower achieved growth, under stress at the edges of their environmental tolerance ranges. Conversely, NIES981 (full marine, East China Sea) shows rapid metabolism under high, but also under low, salinities. The preferred salinity of each strain is consistent with its genome-encoded capabilities to synthesize different compatible solutes. In general, across the strains, maximal metabolic rate is often offset from growth rate optima, showing that conversion of metabolic electrons to biomass varies widely depending upon strain and condition, likely partly reflecting the costs of turgor regulation at the limits of salinity tolerance.