ArticlePhotochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology2026
Light stimuli attenuates inflammatory activation in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages.
Article in Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bone repair depends on a regulated macrophage-driven inflammatory response. Non-activated macrophages (M0) differentiate into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to microenvironmental signals. This study evaluated, in vitro, the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on bone marrow-derived macrophage polarisation. Monocytes were isolated, differentiated into macrophages (M0), and induced to acquire M1- or M2-associated characteristics. Cells were irradiated using a PBM protocol for bone regeneration (equivalent dose of 2.1 E). Cells were analysed according to morphology, expression of M1 (iNOS, Tnf-α) or M2 markers (Arg1, Cd206), protein expression (iNOS and ARG1), and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Data were analysed using 1-way analysis of variance or Student's t-test (p ≤ 0.05). PBM promoted selective and transient modulation of inflammatory and metabolic markers in M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. Compared to non-PBM-treated cells, M1
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