ArticleDrug and alcohol review2026
The Impact of Heterogeneity in Individual Characteristics and Motivation to Quit Heroin Use on Contingency Management and Opioid Agonist Treatment Response: A Latent Class Analysis.
Article in Drug and alcohol review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionContingency Management (CM) involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement (financial incentives) to promote behaviour change, to improve treatment outcomes for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). To better understand patient heterogeneity, this study sought to identify meaningful subgroups/classes underlying the population based on characteristic groupings, followed by determining whether CM effectiveness varied between these subgroups.
methodsBaseline characteristics (evidenced/theorised to impact CM effectiveness) of participants with OUD from the PRAISe trial (N = 552) were empirically examined using latent class analysis. Model selection was based on fit statistics and interpretability. Class was then evaluated as a potential moderator of CM effectiveness on abstinence from heroin using a mixed effects model (consistent with the PRAISe trial analysis).
resultsA four-class solution best described the population: (1) Less clinically complex/low alcohol dependence/high motivation to quit heroin (N = 115); (2) More clinically complex/low alcohol/high motivation (N = 287); (3) More clinically complex/high alcohol/high motivation (N = 73); and (4) More clinically complex/moderate alcohol/low motivation (N = 77). CM for Attendance, previously shown to increase heroin abstinence in the overall study sample, was more effective than no CM for participants in class (1) and (2) exclusively (OR = 5.21; 95% CI 1.25, 21.78 and OR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.03, 3.40, respectively). CM targeted at abstinence, previously shown to not be effective compared to no CM overall, was not effective in any class. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsCM targeted at attendance is more effective for two subgroups of the OUD population characterised by either less complex clinical presentation and/or low dependence on alcohol. Individual differences may therefore inform a targeted CM treatment approach.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.