Combined exposure to emerging

Introduction: Beauvericin (BEA), enniatin B (ENN B), and moniliformin (MON), mainly produced by Fusarium species, are often described as emerging mycotoxins due to their frequent detection in cereals and cereal-based products and their current lack of regulatory limits. Despite increasing evidence regarding their individual toxicities-including immunotoxic, genotoxic, reproductive, and cardiotoxic effects-information on their combined toxicity and the underlying mechanisms remains limited. To address this gap, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and interaction patterns of BEA, ENN B, and MON in human Jurkat T cells following a 24-hour exposure under individual, dual, and triple treatment conditions. Methods: The experimental approach evaluated cellular responses and toxicological interactions across single and combined exposures. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay to determine cell viability, while intracellular ROS levels were measured using a fluorescence-based assay. To analyze the dual and mixture interaction patterns among the mycotoxins, the study utilized the Chou-Talalay method for quantitative assessment of synergism and antagonism. Results: The individual toxicity assessments yielded IC Discussion: Overall, these findings demonstrate that co-exposure to BEA, ENN B, and MON leads to complex interactive toxicities, with the ternary mixture showing persistent synergistic effects based on Combination Index analysis. Although these cellular responses strongly correlate with elevated ROS-associated fluorescence signals, direct experimental validation is still required to confirm the specific downstream molecular mechanisms involved.