Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42841001›Full record

ArticleIJID regions2026

The burden of antimicrobial resistance in Iraq: an analysis from 2021.

Celine Tabche, Zeenah Atwan, Hatham Atwan, Abbass A Alhassani, Rafid A Mohammed, Fakhria AlRashdi, Samiya Al-Khaldi, Ferdos AlaaAddin, Hamed Al Qanubi, Hazaa Al-Hinai and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in IJID regions, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Celine TabcheSchool of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Zeenah AtwanCentral Lab, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Hatham AtwanBasrah Health Directorate, Basrah, Iraq.
Abbass A AlhassaniDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Rafid A MohammedDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Fakhria AlRashdiMinistry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Samiya Al-KhaldiMinistry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Ferdos AlaaAddinFaculty of Pharmacy, Kunooz College, Basrah, Iraq.
Hamed Al QanubiMinistry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Hazaa Al-HinaiMinistry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
Ishani SharmaWHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Rishi MiriyalaFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Anees NileAl-Nahreen Medical College, Baghdad, Iraq.
Faris Hassan Al-LamiCollege of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ali R HashimDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Ameen AlAlwanyCollege of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
David RawafWHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Ali AbutiheenCollege of Medicine, Kerbala University, Karbala, Iraq.
Jawad RamadhanDepartment of Surgery, Al-Zahraa College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
Salman RawafSchool of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objectives: By 2050, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to become a leading cause of death globally, potentially surpassing cancer. Low- and middle-income countries are particularly vulnerable due to fragile health systems, instability, and economic constraints.This study assessed the burden of AMR in Iraq, identifying the principal infectious syndromes and pathogens contributing to mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) using Global Burden of Disease data. Methods: Data on AMR in Iraq were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and compared with data for the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region. Results: In 2021, the leading infectious causes of death in Iraq were bloodstream infections (BSIs), lower respiratory infections (LRIs), peritoneal and abdominal infections, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections (UTIs), including pyelonephritis. AMR contributed 63.9%, 55%, 58%, 6.9%, and 62.5% of these deaths, respectively. The syndromes responsible for DALYs were BSIs, LRIs, upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhoeal diseases, and peritoneal and abdominal infections; AMR accounted for 60%, 55%, 0%, 12.5%, and 58.9% of DALYs, respectively.The principal pathogens associated with deaths were Conclusion: AMR represents a substantial burden on mortality and disability in Iraq, with the highest overall burdens reported for BSIs and LRIs. Coordinated national interventions are required in Iraq, including strengthened diagnostics, workforce training, public awareness, and regulatory enforcement.

Indexed as

Antibiotic resistanceAntimicrobial resistanceDisease burdenInfectious diseasesIraqMiddle East

Identifiers

PMID42841001
PMCPMC13641023

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.